FOR
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SOCIET^^^
THE INVESTIGATION OP EPIDEMIC DISEAS'ES.
•'V.V^V
*. * *!iZ-
REPORT OF THE PUBLIC MEETING,
FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE SOCIETY,
HELD AT THE HANOVER SQUARE ROOMS,
Tuesday, July 30th, 1850,
LORD ASHLEY (now the Earl of Shaftesbury) in the Chair.
(Copied from “The Lancet,” /or .Imj. 3rd, 1850J
A public meeting was held at the Hanover Square Rooms on Tuesday evening
last, for the establishment of this Society, the formation of which has been in pro-
gress for the last six months, under the management of Mr. Tucker (with whom it
originated), together with other zealous promoters of the scheme.
Lord Ashley occupied the chair, vacating it in an advanced stage of the proceed-
ings, after which it was occupied by Dr. Babington, the president-elect of the Society.
The meeting was most respectably and numerously attended, nearly 200 gentlemen
being present, among whom we observed many of the most distinguished members
of the profession. The interest excited in the objects of the Society appeared to be
unusually great, and the meeting would doubtless have been much larger, but that
there happened to be a dinner of the Apothecaries’ Society the same evening. The
speeches delivered on the occasion were eloquent and appropriate, and were listened
to with mute and undivided attention on the part of the audience. The whole of
the proceedings were conducted with the utmost propriety, and a spirit of harmony
and cordiality prevailed, not less gratifying to the promoters of the Society than
honourable to the profession. The meeting was, in fact, an appeal from the pro-
fession to the public for help and encouragement in effecting a mighty effort for the
public weal. The necessity for further investigation into the nature of epidemic
visitations, together with the imperfection of our present knowledge of the subject,
was candidly admitted by the professional speakers, and even forced upon the atten-
tion of the laity, who, on their part, received the appeal with sympathy, and responded
to it in a most grateful tone of encouragement and generosity.
The Chairman opened the business of the meeting in an eloquent oration, which
he commenced by alluding to the appalling fact, that upwards of 12,000 persons died
annually in the metropolis of epidemic diseases,and that they appeared to be dependino-
upon causes always more or less in operation, and probably to a great extent preventible'’
provided the conditions of their prevalence were better understood and more carefully
anticipated. The object of this institution was to remove this opprobrium, an object
which commends itself to all minds in all nations ; for it was not a mere question of
theory or taste, but the discovery of truth, and the application of that truth to the
great benefit of mankind. He regarded it, not only in its medical, but also in its
rnoral and social bearing. Epidemics and their e.xisting causes, bad drainage, defi-
cient supplies of water and ventilation, and the overcrowding of habitations, tended
to produce widows, orphans, pauperism, licentiousness, and intemperance. His
lordship alluded to the tendency of the day to the aggregation of large masses of the
people to carry out the application of the advancing science of the times to useful
arts and commerce, thus, in the jiresent slate of things, augmenting the influence of
epidemic diseases. One object of the Society would be, to inquire how this aggre-
2
gallon of masses might be rendered innocuous. His lordship concluded by ur'^ing
the Society to proceed in a right spirit, not for the sake of eulogy, but desiring, with
one heart and mind, to effect a true and lasting benefit upon mankind. [We are
sorry our limits will not allow a more detailed report of this interesting speech.]
The following resolutions were then proposed, and carried unanimously, viz. :
1 . That a Society be forthwith established for the investigation of epidemic diseases,
to be called the “ Epidemiological Society,” and that all gentlemen interested in its
objects shall be eligible as Members.
2. That the Society shall be governed by a President, Vice-Presidents, Council,
and other Officers.
3. That Dr. Babington be requested to accept the office of President of the
Society.
4. Tliat the following gentlemen be requested to act as Vice-Presidents, viz.
Thomas Addison, M.D.
Richard Bright, M.D., F.RS.
Sir B. C. Brodie, Bt., F.R.S.
Sir W. Burnett, Kt. K.C H., F.R.S.
Sir C. M. Clarke, Bt., M.D., F.R.S,
Rev. Thomas Dale, M. A. Canon-Res.
of St. Paul’s.
R. D. Grainger, Esq. F.R.S.
Sir Charles Hastings, M.D , Worcester.
J. Haviland, M.D., Regius Professor
of Physic, Cambridge.
Sir James M'Grigor, Bart., K.C.T.S.
John Nussey, E.sq.
John Propert, Esq.
G. L. Roupell, M.D. F.R.S.
Thomas Southwood Smith, M.D.
Colonel Sykes, F.R.S.
Thomas Watson, M.D.
5. That the following gentlemen do constitute the Council, viz.: —
Jacob Bell, Esq.
James Bird, M.D.
Golding Bird, M.D., F.R.S.
A. Bryson, M D., R.N.
G. Busk, Esq., F.R.S.
W. B. Carpenter, M.D. F.R.S.
R. Greenhalgh, Esq.
W. W. Gull, M.D.
E. Headland, Esq.
A. Helsham, M.D.
T. Hunt, Esq.
W. Jenneii, M.D.
R. Gordon Latham, M.D., F.R.S
H. B. Leeson, M.D., F.R.S.
J. O. M‘William, M.D., F.R S.
J. Marson, Esq.
E. Parkes, M.D.
W. Percivall, Esq.
E. C. Seaton, M.D.
F. SiBSON, M.D., F.R.S.
E. SlEVEKING, M.D.
J. Simon, Esq., F.R.S.
J. Snow, M.D.
J. H. Tucker, Esq.
C. R. Walsh, Esq.
The following are some of the more interesting points alluded to by the several
speakers.
Dr. Babincton wished to correct an error which had appeared in a portion of
the periodical press, to the effect that he was the founder of the Society. He must
disclaim this honour. The merit of originating the Society was exclusively due to
Mr. Tucker. He (Dr. Babington) had only, in common with others, cheerfully
given a helping hand, when solicited to do so by Mr. Tucker, and he felt it incum-
bent upon him thus publicly to state the fact. The subject was not new ; from the
time of Hippocrates to the present, epidemics had engaged much of medical atten-
tion. They were rife in the middle ages, but still more so of late. There were,
however, new circumstances connected with them. The physical sciences had made
great advances of late. Animal chemistry, human and comparative physiology,
meteorology, and microscopic anatomy, might be considered as new sciences, all
bearing an application to the theory of epidemic diseases. And it must be impos-
sible for one man, or for a number of men, separately engaged, to work out the
many problems presented to their attention. It has been said that great discoveries
have been made by individuals, not by a body of men. This is not wholly true,
and, if it were, the Society does not contemplate interfering with the exertions of
others, otherwise than by facilitating their labours in every possible way. He then
3
referred to the recent discoveries in magnetism, to Reid s theory of storms, and
other important results of combined observations, -which could not, by any possi-
bility, have been discovered by one man, or by voyagers in one ship. In the study
of epidemics, there is a vast field for inquiry,— their causes, the question of conta-
gion, (a question which one individual despaired of ever seeing settled, and declined
to join the Society on that account,) the incubation of diseases, the period of a
buildino- remaining infected after the removal or recovery of a patient, and the
method of treatment or cure. Indeed, through our ignorance of these subjects
opprobrium has fallen on our art. But we may hereafter be enabled to obtain
greater insight into all these things. The question of the treatment of yellow fever
was once in the same predicament. The propriety of bleeding was much disputed.
It is now known that bleeding is always fatal in this disease. If only some such
negative fact were discovered of cholera, it would guide us at least to avoid doing
mischief, and point indirectly to some positive discovery. One good must certainly
result from the formation of this Society. The public will feel that medical men
are alive to the subject, and sincerely anxious to apply their minds and their means
for the public benefit. But they do expect the public to respond to I his. The
medical members not only give their time and their talents, but their annual guinea
to the Society. But this will not be by any means sufficient to carry out the neces-
sary researches. Accordingly, any gentlemen interested in the objects are eligible
as Subscribers, and their subscriptions need not be limited to that sum. Also dona-
tions from the public to any amount will not be refused ; and if necessary, it is
hoped, grants from Government for some of the specific purposes contemplated by
the Society will be forthcoming, as^they have been on other occasions.
Dr. Addison joined cordially in the congratulations of his friends, that this Society
commences its operations under such happy auspices as the sanction of the noble
chairman. He was only giving utterance to a sentiment common to all present,
when he said that the mere presence of Lord Ashley, on the occasion, proved at once
that the object of the Society was the welfare and happiness of mankind. Nor was
the Society less happy in the fostering care of a physician, who, if not the founder
of the Society, will ever be identified with its origin. His friend Dr. Babington had
not only devoted his especial attention to the subject, but he was as much esteemed
as well known, as an honourable, upright, and exemplary member of the profession.
The best and only reward the institution promises to its supporters is the sympathy
of the benevolent, the applause of the good, and the unaffected gratitude of all parties.
The investigation of epidemics has been limited in a great measure, hitherto, to the
exertions of individuals ; but it is far beyond their scope. And if the Society opens
the remotest prospect of so understanding their diseases as to prevent or mitigate
their ravages, it is well worthy of being established.
Dr. Golding Bird reiterated the opinion that all who have had any experience
in these investigations must know that no individuals can possibly be equal to the
task. Individuals are ])rejudiced, and are apt to describe facts as they appear to
them, or rather, as they wish them to appear; and one advantage of the Society is,
that facts are submitted to others, and are subjected to a strict ordeal before they are
placed on record. Thus we shall have a large mass of observation which can be
depended on. None of the occurrences connected with epidemics happen by acci-
dent. They obey fixed laws. Astronomy presents apparent accidents, but further
observation shows that they are only apparent. So the ordinary deviations from
health must depend upon causes susceptible of investigation. The discoveries
which we hope to make may not be so sublime or so magnificent as the discovery
of a new planet, but they may tell more to the relief of suflering, and the moral and
social benefit of mankind.
John Propert, Esq. said that these discussions might be tedious and sickening
to some minds, but when the good of mankind was the object, he was sure that
Lord Ashley would be the last man to be weary or disgusted, lie cordially ap-
proved of the constitution and government of the Society. ^ *
4<
R. D. Grainger, Esq. hailed the establishment of this Society as one of the
most important movements recently made for sanitary purposes. The necessity for
investigating these diseases arose, not merely from the difference of opinion in the
profession, but from the alarming increase of epidemic diseases. For seven or eight
years there had been a steady increase, particularly in one class — diarrhoea. In the
year 1846, the mortality from this cause was seven times greater than in 1838; and
in tlie year 1848, the deaths from various epidemics exceeded, by 4,000, all the
deaths from cholera ; and in the year 1849, in the heart of the richest neighbourhood
in London, the value of human life had become lower than in any civilized locality
in modern times. He congratulated his brethren on the formation of a Society, the
chief duties of which would be, to collect, arrange, and record facts — things beyond
all price. At this time there is a store-house of facts, which only require arrange-
ment and examination to be applied to useful purposes. He alluded to the cer-
tainty of the organic laws. The true theories of disease are not merely guesses in
the midst of uncertainty — they are laws to be demonstrated by facts ; but the dis-
covery of these can only be accomplished by division of labour.
Dr. SiBSON congratulated the Society in glowing terms on the peculiar fitness of
Dr. Babington for the office of President. An important advantage was, that in
Dr. Babington we had a mind trained in looking at the subject in all its breadth.
His attention had not been limited to one or two features or one or two visitations;
he had traced the sad history from the middle ages to the calamitous year 1849; he
had studied its ravages, not only in one country or district, but from east to west —
not one epidemic had engaged his attention, but all. He had looked at them, not
as arising from one cause, but as connected with all those influences which surround
the whole world of physical agencies. Epidemics were not confined to the human
race nor to the animal world ; vegetables were alike exposed to them, and the potato
blight preceded the cholera. The subject was full of difficulties, but must not remain
unexplored. Much necessity existed for such a Society as this.
Charles Hawkins, Esq. had great pleasure in presenting himself before the
meeting as an unprofessional man. Mr. Grainger had said that the medical profes-
sion had lacked encouragement in their investigations. He (Mr. Hawkins) was
sure they deserved encouragement, and he trusted the public would be ready to
assist; and when they knew who the Officers of the Society were, they would feel
confidence in men who will not ignorantly or hastily adopt views or theories not
well supported by facts. The President and the list of Vice-Presidents and Council
were a guarantee to the public. They inspired him with a full assurance, that under
their government the objects of the Society would be fully carried out.
William Rogers, Esq. spoke with great energy and feeling in favour of the
Society, urging its Members to zealous co-operation. Sir H. Davy had said, that
one fact was worth a thousand theories, and it would be the business of the Society
to note the uniform recurrence of a fact; but this required the observation of many.
Communication was the life and soul of study, and there was nothing which the
Society might not expect to achieve. He tendered his annual guinea with great
pleasure, and hoped the Society would meet with public support.
Dr. Roupell, C. J. B. Lord, Esq., Charles Cochrane, Esq., Dr. James Bird, and
Dr. Allison, addressed the meeting, but our space will not permit any further allu-
sion to their speeches.
B W. G.uinisBK, Printer, 20, Princes Street, ravcndith Squ.ire.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SOCIETY
FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF
EPIDEMIC DISEASES.
ADDRESS OP THE PRESIDENT,
B. G. BABINGTOJSf, M.D. F.R.S.
ON OPENING THE
FIRST SESSION OF THE SOCIETY,
December 2, 1850.
PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE COUNCIL OP THE SOCIETY,
London ;
B. W. GARDINER, PRINTER, 20, PRINCES STREET,
cavendish square.
1852.
OFFICE BEARERS FOR THE SESSION 1850-1.
^cesilfcnt.
BENJAMIN GUY B A B I N GTO N, M D., F.U.S,
Ulce-WresRicnts.
Addison, Thomas, M. D.
Bright, Richard, M D., F.R.S.
Brodie, Sir B. C. Bart., F. R. S.
Burnett, Sir Wm. Knt. K.C.B., K.C.IL,
F.R.S.
Clarke, SirC. M. Bart., M.D., F.R.S.
Dale, Rev. Thomas, M.A., Canon Res.
of St. Paul’s.
Grainger, R. d. Esq., F.R.S.
Hastings, Sir Chas., M.D., Worcester.
McGrigor, Sir James., Bart., K.C.B.
K.C.T.S.
Nussey, John, Esq.
Owen, Professor, V.P.R.S.
Propert, John, Esq.
Roupell, G. L., M.D., F.R.S.
Smith, Thomas Sodthwood, M.I).
Sykes, Colonel, V.P.R.S.
Watson, Thomas, M.D.
Ha embers
Barlow, G. H., M. D.
Bell, Jacob, Esq.
Bird, James, M. D.
Bryson, A., M.D., BN.
Carpenter, W. B., M,D., F.R.S.
Greenhalgh, R., Esq.
Gull, W. W., M.D.
Hassall, a. H., M.D.
Headland, E. Esq.
Helsham, a., M. D.
Hunt, T. Esq.
McWilliam, J. O., M.D.,F.R.S., BN.
of (Emmcil.
Marson, j. F. Esq.
Oldham, Henry. M.D.
Percivall, W. Esq.
Pilcher, G. Esq.
Seaton, E. M.D.
SiBSON, F., M.D., F. R. S.
SlEVEKING, E., M.D.
Simon, J., Esq., F.R.S.
Snow, J., M.D.
Squibb, G. J., Esq,
SwAiNE, William Edward, M. D.
Walsh, C. R., Esq.
dToreisn anb ©olomal Sccvetaries.
BELGIUM A. Sayeb, M.D., 28 Upper Seymour st. Portman sq.
EAST INDIES Square and
I G. Finch, M.D., 68, Porchester Terrace, Bayswater
EGYPT AND SYRIA
FRANCE Waller Lewis, M.B., F.G.S.,3,Hindest. Manchester so.
AXTAT A XT!-, TATToc-TA f E. H. SlEVEKING. M.D. 3, Bentlnck st. Maucliester SQ. «
GERMANY AND RUSSIA | Scarborough ^
GREECE AND ITALY C. R. Walsh, IE sq. 42 Half-moon street, Piccadilly.
PORTUGAL AND THE BRAZILS ...J. 0. McWilliaiu, M.D. F.R.S., B.N. 14, Trinity sq.
Tower hUl
SWEDEN, NORWAY, DENMARK fR. Gordon Latham, M.D. F.R.S. 27 Upp. South wick
AND ICELAND I street, Hyde Park.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA .
WEST INDIES Gavin Milroy, M.D. 30, Fitzroy square.
tlTreasurer.
Thomas Addison, M. D., Viet President.
Itjonorarg Secretaries.
J. 0. McWilliam, M.D., F.R.S. BN. 14, Trinity Square, Tower Hill, and
J. H. Tucker, Esq. 38, Berners Street.
33aniters.
Messers. Drujdiond, Charing Cross.
COLLECTOR: — Mr. Calverley, 10-1, Milton Street, Dorset Square.
EPIDEMIOLOaiCAL SOCIETY.
ADDRESS
DELIVERED BY
THE PRESIDENT, B. G. BABINGTON, M.D. F.R.S.
ON OPENING THE FIRST SESSION OF THE SOCIETY,
AT THE HOUSE OF
THE ROYAL MEDICAL AND CHIRURGICAL SOCIETY,
53, BERNERS STREET,
On Monday, December ‘Ind, 1850.
Genti.emen,
As the circumstances under which this Society originated may not be known to
many here present, I deem it proper to commence what I have to offer you by
making a brief allusion to this subject. So long ago as February, 1848, six-
teen months before the last appearance of epidemic cholera in this country, our
honorary secretary, Mr. Tucker, in a Letter bearing the signature “ Pater,”
and published in The Lancet, first gave expression to the notion, that the
members of our profession ought to combine for the purpose of accumulating
experience with respect to the treatment of that disease.
In July, 1849, this notion was further developed in a second communication,
under the same name; but it was not until the following September that a
new society, for the investigation of cholera and other epidemic diseases, was
distinctly proposed, in a third Letter from “ Pater.”
In a fourth Letter, published on the 1st of December last, I find it stated,
that with respect to the formation of a new medical society, to take into consi-
deration a systematic investigation of epidemic diseases, a few medical gentlemen
had formed themselves into a committee, had occasionally held meetings on
the subject, and, after due consideration, had come to the conclusion that
such a society was greatly needed. In that letter, the author, who now, for
the first time, wrote in his own name, remarked that there never had been
a medical society in this country which had devoted itself solely to the inves-
tigation of epidemic diseases, and that, had there been such an one before the
late visitation, some more settled plan of treatment might long before have
been resolved upon. “It is painful to have to confess,” says he, “that up to
this day we know neither the real cause, the means of prevention, nor the cure,
of this awful malady; but it is hoped by the combination of talent in all
branches of the profession meeting together under one roof, formed into one
body for one good— one national cause, that what it is possible for man fo
ertect, shall not much longer remain a mystery ” “ Having,” he continues, “ac-
complished as much as this country, aided by others, can effect with respect to
Asiatic cholera, we shall still have to combat other enemies to the human race,
which at this moment are thought but little of— scarlatina, typhus fever, small pox’
measles, &c.,— which are said to have destroyed 12,000 aniuially in London alone.
It is thought that the formation and working of such a society would give the hi<rhest
satisfaction to the public, who anxiously look to the profession for knowled'o-e in
these matters, and that it would ere long, prove a better bond of union between
the public and the medical profession than any society which has ever existed.”
Mr. Tucker persevered in his exertions, undeterred by many difficulties,
and at length succeeded in iiersuading others, bc.sides the immediate
friends who formed his committee, to join in the good work which lie liad
uiideiTaken. The result was, that a meeting took [ilace on the 6th of March
4
last, oyer which Mr. Erasmus Wilson presided, in the Hanover Square Room.s,
when it was resolved to form a society for the investigation of epidemic disea.ses.
From that time this Society might be considered as having at least an embryo
existence.
At a second meeting in Hanover Square, on the 30th of July, at which Lord
Ashley kindly consented to take the chair, and which was very numerously
attended by members of the profession and others, the objects of the Society
were eloquently set forth by his Lordship, who was followea by numerous other
^eakers, and the constitution of the Society was framed by the appointment of
President, Vice-Presidents, Council, and other Officers. There has been no
General Meeting of the Society since that period.
Whoever has watched the formation of a new street, of which so many have of late
been constructed in this metropolis, cannot fail to have observed, that for a long
time tlie line of way seems to make no visible progress towards completion, so as
even to excite our surprise that house-building should be so slow a process. Yet
during all that period the work is going on, and the workmen are busily employed
— some in digging foundations, some in excavating sewers and drains. We
heed them not, because they are pursuing their sUent labours underground,
and there is little or nothing to show, for all the pains that they are taking ;
but when once these preliminaries are accomplished, and they reach the surface
we are, on the contrary, astonished to find how quickly the houses spring
up, as it were by magic, on either sidej and how in fewer days than it had
before taken months, handsome edifices rise up before our eyes. Now gentlemen,
our society, like the new street, to which I would compare it, may seem for
some months past to have remained in an inactive state, because our works
have not been apparent. Our explanation is simple ; we have been labouring
at the foundations. These are, I trust, now solidly laid, and on this night we
rise, for the first time, above the surface, and appear before the public. Let
us hope, that ere long we shall erect such a superstructure, as by its beauty
and utility may demonstrate that we have not been working in vain.
To descend from metaphor to plain fact, the months that have intervened
between the formation of our Society and the present time have been devoted
by our Council, and by Committees formed from their body, to framing the
laws, to arranging our mode of proceeding, and to determining, in more detail
than a mere definition could convey, what are the objects which we propose
to carry out, and how we may best effect their accomplishment.
From the earliest ages to the present period, epidemic diseases have, from time
to time been the scourges of the human race ; and the Sacred Volume, at once
the most ancient and the most authentic history of remote antiquity, records, as
you well know, many awful visitations of the pestilence, which but too surely
marked the anger of a justly-offended Deity — offended, but not implacable ; for
the plague was ever and anon stayed by the supplications of those whom the
Almighty permitted to intercede with Him on behalf of his disobedient children.
In later times, we have no reason to believe that the great Jehovah interferes
with the laws which He, in his infinite wisdom, has laid down for the
governance of mankind and . of all created beings. The days of miracles are
past, yet the Author of all visits us as surely ana as fearfully as ever through
the operation of natural causes; and it is one purpose of our existence, on
which our welfare is made to depend, that we endeavour to discover and avert
them. The means of doing so have, in these latter days, been greatly
increased. The practical tendencies of the age lead towards the improvement of
physical science, and much success has rewarded our researches in this depart-
ment.
The object then of this Society, I take to be, to endeavour, by the light
of modern science, to review all those causes which result in the manifestation
and spread of epidemic diseases — to discover causes at present unknown, and
investigate those which are ill understood — to collect together facts, on which
scientific researches may be securely based— to remove errors which impede
their progress — and thus us far as we are able, having made ourselves thoroughly
5
acquainted with the strongholds of our enemies, and their modes of attack,
to suggest those means by wliicli their invasion may either be prevented, or
if, in spite of our exertions, they may have broken in upon us, to seek how
they may be most effectually combated and expelled. , • , t
In an address which has already been framed by the Council, and which I
doubt not most of those here present have seen, the circumstances which have
led the profession to join in the formation of this Society have been so fully
stated, that it would be surperfluous to say anything more on this head. I
camiot, however, refrain from quoting some observations of my lamented friend
Professor Hecker, of Berlin, peculiarly apposite, with reference to our meeting
this evening : It has long been my earnest desire,” says he, “ to address mv
honoured brethren of the profession, in order to impress on them a subject in which
science is deeply interested, and which, according to the direct evidence of Nature
herself, is one of the most exalted and important that could be submitted to
the researches of the learned. I allude to the investigation of epidemic diseases
on a scale commensurate with the extent of our exertions in other departments,
and worthy of the age in which we live. The science of medicine has hitherto
confined itself only to individual diseases, so far as human intellect can discern
their nature. In this it has alreadly succeeded admirably, and its success becomes
every year more extensive and remarkable, but, if we carry our inquiries into
the diseases of nations, and of the whole human race, medical science is mute,
and, as if it were not her province to take cognizance of them, shows us only
an immeasurable and unexplored domain ; for to the weighty opinions of Hippo-
crates among the ancients, to the doctrines of Fracastoro which contain tlie
experience of the much-tried middle ages, and lastly, to the observations of
Sydenham, only trifling and isolated facts have been added. Beyond these,
even up to the present times, there exist only assumptions, which might long
since have been reduced to their original nothingness, had that serious spirit
of inquiry prevailed which comprehends spare, and penetrates ages. Amid the
accumulated materials which past ages afford, the poivers and the life of one
individual, even with the aid of previous studv, are insuflficient to complete a
comprehensive history of epidemics. The zealous activity of many must be
combined if we would possess a work which is so much wanted, in order that
we may not encounter new epidemics in culpable ignorance of analogous phe-
nomena. How often has it appeared on the outbreak of epidemics, as if the
experience of so many centuries had been accumulated in vain. Men have
gazed on the phenomena with astonishment, and before they had acquired any
just notion of their nature, have pronounced their opinions, which, as they
have been the offspring of party sphit, they have defended with all the ardour
of zealots, wholly unconscious of the majesty of all governing nature. In the
descriptive branches of natural history a person would infallibly expose himself to
the severest censure, who should attempt to describe some hitherto unknown
natural production, whether animal or vegetable, if he were ignorant of the
allied genera and species, and perhaps neither a zoologist nor botanist. Yet
an analogous ignorance of epidemics in those who, nevertheless, have discussed
their nature, has but too frequently occurred, and for this reason we cannot
apply to ourselves in this department, the significant words of Bacon, that
we are the ancients and our forefathers the moderns, for we are equally remote
with them from a scientific and comprehensive knowledge of it.” Such are
the opinions and observations of one who, had he been spared to witness the
combined efforts which we are this night commencing, would have esteemed
it as one of the happiest moments of his exislence.
The present period appears, indeed, peculiarly suited for instituting such
inquiries as onr Society contemplates. The peace of Europe, which it is to
be wished no national jealousies may disturb, is very favourable to the inter-
change of scientific information among medical men of difi’erent countries and
the facility of communication which the powers of steam have created, enable
us to carry on, almost simultaneously, observations at places remotely distant
from each other. 'I’liere probably never was a period in the world’s hislorv
6
wlien human knowledge was so advanced in all its branches as at the present
time. Those sciences, more especially, which are applicable to the elucidation
of diseases and their causes may be said to be creations of modern date.
Chemistry, or at least so much of it as is worthy the name of a science is
scarcely a century old, and that department of it which is distinguished under
the name of animal chemistry, has risen to importance within the memory of
many here present. To give you an instance of its progress, I well remember
when Dr. Wollaston, (one of the most acute philosophers, the most scrupu-
lously attentive to minutim, which the world has ever produced ; whose goneo-
meter, camera lucida, difierential thermometer ; whose discoveries in metaliurgy,
whose experiments on sounds — so acute that ears less sensitive than his own
could not even hear them, — all mark the extreme acumen of his intellect,) — I
well remember when this accomplished chemist was asked by his friend. Dr.
Marcet, to analyse the blood in diabetes mellitus, for the express purpose
of ascertaining whether it contained sugar. In a letter of reply, which will be
found in the Philosophical 2\ansactions for 1811, he details numerous experi-
ments which he had made, as well with diabetic blood as with healthy blood
in which minute portions of sugar were purposely dissolved. The conclusion to
which he came was, that diabetic blood contained no sugar in any quantity
that he could appreciate. We now know, and it was several years since as-
certained, by Dr. Rees and others, that diabetic blood does contain sugar in a
notable quantity. The existence of urea in the animal fluids of those labouring
under albuminuria, is another fruit of modern discovery, and from these, and
many similar instances of chemical research, we are led to hope much from its
application, even to the objects which come within the scope of this Society.
Physiology has made prodigious progress of late years ; I need only recall to
your minds Professor Schwann’s theory of cell formation, whereby he has
established, by observations with the microscope, the proposition that there
is one common principle of developement for the elementary particles of all
organised bodies. This discovery so brilliant as to have won for its author the
Royal Society’s Copley Medal for 1845, and which must be ranked amongst the
most important steps by which the science of physiology has ever been advanced,
evinces how the improvement of a scientiflc instrument leads to the improvement
of science itself, and encourages a hope that our investigations may be enriched by
this powerful means of interrogating Nature with regard to her most minute
and secret operations. From meteorology, pursued, as u now is, under the guid-
ance of a master mind, by a Society expressly devoted to that branch of science
we have grounds for expecting many valuable facts applicable to the elucidation
of our subject ; and 1 trust that one of our earliest acts may be an endeavour '
to form a close connection with that Society.
The progress of medical science itself has been no less conspicuous of late j-ears
than that (Tf those branches of natural knowledge to which 1 have just alluded'.
The great discoveries of Laennec have created a new era in medicine, and
have given an importance to physical diagnosis, the influence of which has ex-
tended far beyond the limits of those diseases which he made the particular
objects of his study.
Statistics too, have supplied us with a new and powerful means of testing
medical truth, aud we learn from the labours of the accurate Louis how ap-
propriately they may be brought to bear upon the subject of epidemic diseases ;
his report, when engaged on a French commission for investigating the yelloiv
fever at Gibraltar, in 1828, being a striking instance of their successful
application. . , • ,
As a matter for scientific inquiry, the subject of epidemics seems peculiarly
well suited to occupy the attention of a Society. Diseases which enect only
individuals here and there, admit of investigation by single observers, and per-
haps are thus best studied ; but those which aflect masses of mankind, and
whose ravages are sjiread over a wide extent of the earth’s surface, require
the combined efforts of inmierons labourers, and the various researches of minds
directed to different branches of the inquiry, and coiitemiilaliiig the phenoinena
7
from different points of view. They require that observations should l3e simul-
taneously carried on in many and widely-distant places, m order that deceptions
inav not arise from causes which, though in appearance general, are really only
local and accidental. When the cholera first broke out at Bombay, bleeding
proved so successful a remedy, if practised at the commencement of the attack,
that many persons not of the medical profession, learned to peilorm the opeia-
tion, that no time might be lost ; and according to the testimony of a neai
relative of mine, hundreds of lives were thus saved. The same treatment,
pursued in Bengal, proved entirely abortive,— the inevitable inference being,
not that the essential disease differed in the two places, but that the various suc-
cess of the treatment depended on some accidental, though unknown circumstance.
In the infancy of geology, first studied in this country, many phenomena observed
in the arrangement of the earth’s crust, as it is found in this island, were
supposed to finish fixed laws; and this gave rise, among our philosophers
to divers ingenious generalizations. But when these same philosophers had,
from the estabhshment of universal peace, the opportunity of taking a wider
range, and of studying the earth’s structure, not in this country alone, but
over the whole surface of the globe, they discovered, in many instances, that
what they had supposed to be general laws were, after all only exceptional cases.
We require therefore, in the study of epidemic diseases, as of geology, a wide field,
in order that we may found theories on a sufficiently broad basis to avoid the
risk of coming to partial and erroneous conclusions.
When the phenomenon of the migration of birds first attracted attention,
how riduculous were the notions of it entertained by philosophers. We have
a paper in the Philosophical Transactions, written to refute a belief, confidently
stated by a Dutch writer, of less than a century ago, that swallows lie im-
mersed at the bottom of the ocean, and other waters, during the winter season.
This is no bad illustration of the effects of partial observation and of the
absurdities to which it may lead. The welfare and prosperity of the people
at large ought to be a main object with aU good governments. It seems,
therefore, to be matter of sound policy that they ^lould facilitate by all available
means the study of morbific phenomena which have so extensive an influence
over the destinies of mankind. Commerce, agriculture, manufactures, have on
many occasions been deeply injured, and the progress of civilization itself been
seriously impeded by the outbreak of destructive epidemics, and it is not easy to
estimate the evil that has been caused by the imposition of strict quarantine laws
arising out of the fear of these visitations.
Again, a careful study of the sanitary arrangements which affect the health of
om- military and naval forces, fall legitimately within the scope and object of this
Society, and ought naturally to lead the ruling powers to aid our encieavours to
promote the puWic good, and to take an interest in our proceedings. How much
benefit, for instance, may we not confer on the state by making the proper structure
and site of military barracks and hospitals, and improvement in the accommodation
and ventilation of ships, subjects of investigation and study. Even the most recent
intelligence from our new settlement of Hong Kong, in China, leads to a belief
that much of the mortality among her Majesty’s troops at that station is owing to
the defective and ill-adapted construction, arrangement, and situation of the build-
ings appropriated to the reception of fhe sick. As governmenis are thus so much
interested in questions connected with the subjects v^ich we have taken up, let us
hope that they will be kindly disposed to afford us every facility in their prosecu-
tion. That a thorough knowledge of epidemic diseases very nearly concerns the
welfare of all classes of the population in a mere individual sense, is a fact which
hardly needs illustration. There is scarcely a family to be found that has not
lost some of its members by small-pox, measles, hooping-cough, or scarlet fever
diseases which are always more or less prevalent among us, and respecting all of
which there are yet many questions which remain to be solved. The Iciin-th of
the radius of infection, — the question of mediate contagion, to third parties
through clothing and other channels,— the period of the attack at which the infec-
tion 111 each disease is most active,— the length of time that it may exist in an
8
infected locnlily, and the means of its destruction, have never yet been deterniine<l
with accuracy. The causes of exemption in individual cases have never been
made out. The period of incubation admits of further investigation ; uncertainty
§ revails as to the efficacy of preventive measures ; and, finally, there is much
iff'erence of opinion as to modes of treatment. Respecting febrile diseases
not exanthematous, such as plague, yellow fever, and typhus, many interestino-
questions remain for solution ; and, among them, the very difficult one of conta-
gion is of paramount importance. The testimonies against and in favour of its
e.\istence are most conflicting ; and although we must be on our guard to avoid
degenerating into mere disputants on this point, where so many others should
claim a due share of our attention, \ et it cannot be denied, that if by more com-
prehensive views, and a larger collection of well-authenticated facts, we could
determine this vexala qucestio, we should be conferring an inestimable boon on
the whole human race.
Epidemic febrile diseases will, no doubt, be the subjects of our chief study, as
being immeasurably of the most common occurrence, and most fatal in their
results ; but we must not forget that there have in times past existed, and
there may exist again, epidemic visitations of diseases of a nervous character,
as, for instance, tarantism, the dancing mania, and other allied affections; — of
a haemorrhagic nature, as apople.xy, which has been known to exist epidemically
in Holland ; and even of a cachectic nature, as leprosy and scrofula, in which
diseases the endemic character has occasionally past into the epidemic form.
Our labours, then, being connected with subjects of such universal interest,
ought to ensure us the support of all classes of the community ; and, as our
inquiries are of a nature which must involve considerable expense, if efficiently
carried out on a scale commensurate with their importance, I cannot help feeling
that our success will in a great measure depend upon the encouragement and
assistance which we receive from the public. We must not, however, forget,
in looking to others, that it is our part to prove, by the fruits of our exertions,
that we are able to furnish a full equivalent for the aid which we may receive.
Gentlemen, I cannot close this address, already I fear extended to undue
length, without adverting to two circumstances which have excited in me sen-
timents of gratitude, shared, I doubt not, by every member of our Society.
I allude in the first place, to the kind manner in which our efforts have been
noticed, and our views have been furthered, by the support of the medical press.
Of their power to serve us none can doubt ; and I am thankful to be able to
state that the desire to do so has in no degree fallen short of that power.
Secondly, I wish to remind you that our' best acknowledgments are due to
the CbuNCiL of the Royal Medico-Chirorgical Society, who with a liberality
worthy of the distinguished body for whom they act, have granted us permis-
sion to hold our general meetings in this most suitable apartment. Not only
are our finances Sius relieved from a considerable burthen, but from the very
fact of our being allowed to assemble within these hallowed walls, we take an
honourable position, which I trust it will be our especial care jealously to
maintain.
n. W. GAnuiNKB, Printer. 20, Princes Street, Cavendish Sqnarc.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
ADDRESS
DELIVERED BY
THE PRESIDENT, B. G. BABINGTON, M.D. F.R.S.
ON OPENING THE SECOND SESSION OF THE SOCIETY,
AT THE HOUSE OF
THE ROYAL MEDICAL AND CHIRURGICAL SOCIETY,
63, BERNERS STREET,
On Monday, November 3rd, 1851.
Gentlemen, — When I had the honour of addressing you from this chair,
at the first ordinar}" meeting of the Epidemiological Society, in December last, I
spoke of the origin of the Society, and of its progress up to that period. For the
information of those who were not jDreseut at that meeting, and who may desire
to know more on the subject, I beg to refer them to the Lancet of December, 7fh.
Part of the duty I have to perform on this the commencement of our second
session, and, happily, under the same time-honoured and, to us, hospitable roof,
is, gentlemen, to give you a brief account of what the Society has done since
it held its first ordinary meeting here. A statement of this kind will not be
without its utility, in showing to yourselves and others, that the tide of our
undertaking is flowing on continuously and prosperously, as measured by the
interesting matter brought forward at our monthly meetings, and, moreover,
that we have an under-current, at least equally strong, in the more quiet but
I 0 less efficient working of our various committees.
On the 2nd of December, 1850, after I had concluded my address, a paper,
by Dr. Bryson, “ On the Infectious Origin and Propagation of Cholera,” was
in part read by that gentleman.
At the second ordinary meeting (January 6, 1851') the reading of Dr. Bryson’s
paper was concluded. j ^ a j
At the third ordinary meeting (February 3), a paper “ On the Origin and
Progress of Cholera and Small pox in Gnernsey,” by Dr. Elliott Hoskins, was
read by Dr. Gull..
At tile fourth meeting (in March), Dr. M'^William read a paper On the
Recent Yellow Fever Epidemy in Brazil.”
At the fifth meeting, (April 7,) Mr. R. H. Cooke w'as present to read a
E“On the Epidemic Mental Diseases of Children;” but the meeting
g resolved that the discussion on yellow fever should be continued durin"
that evening, Mr. Cooke kindly consented to postpone the reading of his pape'r
until thfe meeting in June. '
At^^the sixth meeting of the Society, ( May 5),) the discussion on '' j'ellow
fever was resumed, and, having continued longer than was anticipated. Dr.
^ paper “ On the Mode of Propagation of Cholera,” was
obliged to defer its conclusion.
At the seventh meeting, (June 2,) Mr. R. H. Cooke read his paper “On
he Epidemic Menta Diseases of Children,” founded on Hecker’s two pamph-
entitled “Children’s Pilgrimages,” and the other “Sionpathy;”
after which Dr. Snow finished his paper on Cholera. ^ ^
At the eighth meeting, (July 7,) Mr. Hunt read a paper “On tlie Uses
and Rimits of Statistical Science as anplied to the Study of Epidemic Diseases.”
At the ninth and last meeting of the Society, (Aug. 4,) a paper “ On the
N^ure of Epidemics, by Mr. (Srove, was read by Dr. MWVilliam.
le leading of each of these papers was followed by a discussion* and
4'^® papei's read at the Society^ meetings have ap-
pealed in the London and Provincial Medical Journals. °
2
The paper by Dr. Bryson, “On Cholera,” and that W Dr. M'William,
“On Yellow Fever,” have each, by the permission of the Council, been pub-
lished in the form of a pamphlet ; and Dr. Bryson’s paper having been col-
lated from official documents, it was necessary for him to obtain me sanction
of the Lords of the Admiralty, which I understand was willingly granted,
prior to its publication.
Having thus presented you with a brief outline of the proceedings of the
Society at the ordinary meetings, I feel bound to mention, that, on each occa-
sion, the members and visitors ^ave ample testimony of their sense of the value
of the papers read before the Society. Gentlemen, it is to me a source of
much regi'et — for our utility is considerably lessened by the circumstance — that
the present state of its finances will not permit the Society to publish these
valuable contributions. Let us hope, that the time is not far distant when, by
a more general interest manifested in our labours, and a corresponding increase
in our resources, we shall be enabled to do so.
I may however state, that in the meantime, although there is a law of the
Society, to the effect, that all Papers, after being read, shall become its pro-
perty, the Council will not refuse to permit their authors to publish them either
in the medical journals, or in a separate form.
While on this subject, I may add, that a resolution of Council has been passed,
that the discussion on any paper shall not be prolonged beyond the second
night, as a contrary practice was found to interfere with the business of the
Society.
As there may be present some of our members who have not seen the medi-
cal journals in which, from time to time, the working of the Society has been
noticed, 1 may state, that the various committees formed for special purposes
have been for some time steadily engaged in the performance of the duties they
have respectively undertaken ; and, with your permission, I will therefore say a
few words respecting their progress.
The Committee on Small-pox and Vaccination have issued nearly one thousand
printed forms of queries to Hospitals and dispensaries, to union medical officers,
and to other members of the Profession in London and in the countrv- Be-
sides these, about thirty copies have been transmitted tlirough the ifon. the
Board of Directors of the East India Company, to medical men officially em-
ployed in the three presidencies of India. There have been already received
by the Secretary of the Committee 254 replies to the queries, — a number con-
sidered sufficient to enable the Committee te proceed with their analysis without
waiting for others that may come in. The Committee are however of opinion,
that at least 800 more forms might be very advantageously distributed, so soon
as there are funds to cover the necessary expense.
The Common Lodging-houses Committee, for the purpose of investigating the
condition of common lodging-houses, as influencing the propagation and spread
of epidemic diseases, have distributed 250 forms of queries, to which a sufficient
number of replies has been received to enable them to draw out a Report,
which has already been submitted to the Council.*
77te Hospitals Committee, or Committee to inquire into the epidemic diseases
* When this Committee was appointed in the month of January, 1851, the main
object proposed was the collection of Medical and other evidence, illustrative of the
great evils inflicted on the Public Health by Common Lodging Houses, with the view
of securing some legislative measure for their due regulation. In the course of the last
Session the Earl of Shaftesbury carried successfully, through both Houses of Parliament,
two of the most impoi’tant measures which have hitherto been enacted, for promoting
sanitary amelioration.
One of these acts was for the well ordaining of Common Lodging Houses: and the
other, for empowering Boards of Guardians to erect improved Lodging Houses for the
Poor. In consequence of these enactments, the interposition of the Epidemiological
Society was fortunately to a great degree rendered unnecessary: but this important sub-
ject and the working of the Act of Piwliament still requires and will receive the attention
of the Committee.
3
orio'inating and prevailing in public liospitalsj have held several meetings at the
house of the Chairman, Dr. Addison, and have drawn up a tabular form of queries,
which they purpose sending to all the British hospitals. For this purpose, they
have applied to the Council for a grant of money.
The last Committee that was formed is that styled the Epizootic Committee, its
object being, the investigation of those diseases which are found to prevail exten-
sively among the lower, and more especially the domesticated animals. The
working of this Committee has been undertaken by Professor Simonds, of the
Royal Veterinary College, who will be aided in his labours by gentlemen of the
veterinary profession in London and in the provinces. Already several veterinary
surgeons in the provinces have been announced as Corresponding Members of the
Epidemiological Society. In compliance with a desire expressed by Professor
Simonds, that some members of the medical profession should unite with the
veterinary members in carrying out the objects of the Epizootic Committee,
several members of Council have already given in their names to be placed upon
that Committee.
As connected with these Committees, more especially with the Common
Lodging-houses Committee, I must not forget a debt of gratitude we owe to some
of the laity, members as well as non-members of the Society. The gentlemen of
the City Mission readily tendered their valuable assistance to the Common
Lodging-houses Committee, and greatly facilitated their inquiries regarding the
influence which the receptacles of the lowest and most depraved portions of society
exerted in originating and spreading epidemic disease.
Valuable information, I am thankful to acknowledge, has also been rendered
to the Common Lodging-houses Committee by Mr. Charles Cochrane, a lay
member of the Society, distinguished as we all know, for his philanthropic exer-
tions in the cause of sanitary improvement.
To the medical journals the gratitude of the Society is eminently due, for the
facility they have afforded to the Honorary Secretaries and Secretaries of Com-
mittees, in giving notices of meetings, publishing reports, and impressing the Pro-
fession with the necessity of sending in answers to the queries issued by the
respective Committees.
The editor of the Veterinarian, in his journal of September last, has dedicated a
leading article to the Epidemiological Society.
Some important articles have also appeared in the Assurance Magazine, urging
in strong terms the cause of the Society, and the benefits that must accrue to as-
surance societies by a due appreciation of those sanitary principles and laws which
may be directed towards the mitigation, not only of sweeping epidemics such as
cholera and influenza, but also of other diseases, which are silently, constantly,
and even more fatally operating to the destruction of human life.
The publicity given to the objects of the Epidemiological Sociej^ in the Assu-
rance Magazine, has procured for us a favourable notice in a German journal,
the Rundschau der V ersicherungen, edited by Herr E. A Musius, of Leipsic.
To the General Board of Health, and to the Poor-law Board, the best thanks of
the Society are due, for the permission given by these bodies to the members of
the Small-pox Committee, to have access to documents in their possession re-
garding the subject of small-pox; and to the Registrar-General we are greatly
beholden for the facilities he has afforded us by the distribution of our papers
among his subordinate officers.
For the information of those members of the laity who seldom if ever see the
Medical Journals, I have much pleasure in stating that, at the Nineteenth Anni-
versary Meeting of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association, held at
Brighton m August last. Sir Charles Hastings, the founder of the Association
spoke highly of the objects and claims of the Epidemiological Society, and called
upon the members of the association to give it their warm support.
The field of inquiry open to tliis Society is not limited to Great Britain alone •
for It comprehends all parts of Europe, and extends even to India (the cradle, so
to speak, of epidemic diseases), and to every portion of the habitable globe.
Impressed with this view, and feeling the necessity of establishing cominuiiica-
4
tions with the various countries of Europe, and with foreign as well as with our
owu Colonial possessions, a Committee has for some time had under consideration
the subject of the appointment of foreign secretaries. Some progress has already
been made in their arrangements, and tlie list of secretaries will doubtless soon be
complete.
From Bengal two important letters have been addressed to the President and
the Secretary of the Society, on the subject of small-pox and vaccination in India,
by Mr. Bedford, a medical officer in tire Company’s service.
A pamphlet by the same gentleman has more recently reached this country, in
which the Author submits some very important suggestions for the extension and
perfection of vaccination, simultaneously with the systematic study of epidemic
and endemic disease in India. I cannot, gentlemen, resist the temptation to read
the following passage from this publication : — “ ' Epidemic diffusion ’ is the most
important medical question of the day, and can only be studied through syste-
matic and parallel observations, conducted by a number of intelligent men working
under one head. India, from its climatic peculiarities, and the nature of its
‘ services,’ offers, I hesitate not to affiiin, the most magnificent field in the world
for carrying out such a series of connected observations as may tend to elucidate
the laws of the most terrible chseases which ' flesh is heir to and it will redound
to her eternal honour to be in advance in such inquiries. So pressing has the
question now become in Europe, that an Epidemiological Society has been formed
for the special puroose of collecting information in regard to this class of disease.”
Having thus. Gentlemen, given you a hasty and, I fear, but an imperfect
sketch of the past proceedings of the Society, I feel it ray duty, before concluding,
to say a few words as to the future.
I have already alluded to our working Committees, who are, so far as their
means will admit, actively and zealously engaged in the prosecution of their
respective inquiries. Able and hearty co-operation is offered to the Society, both
at home and from abroad ; and, for so young an Institution, it may be truly
said, that the Epidemiological Society has excited an unwonted degree of in-
terest and sympathy among the lay as well as the professional community. But
our finances, like those of other societies not yet emerged from their infant state,
are not in a very fiomishing condition.
The heavy outlay consequent upon the earlier meetings, and upon other
means of giving due publicity to the existence of the Society ; the expense of
printing and distributing the rules and objects of the Society ; of the printing and
postage of the queries issued by the various Committees, with other unavoidable
sources of expenditure, have, (notwithstanding the kind and courteous liberality of
the Council of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society, in granting us the
gratuitous use of their rooms during the past and present session), exhausted the
amount received in donations and subscriptions during the past year.
But there is no reason to despair. The active and enlightened benevolence of
this country, is not likely to turn aside from a Society, whose labours, devoted
as they are, directly to the physical welfare of mankind, cannot be successfully
prosecuted, without influencing likewise their moral condition. M e, therefore,
rely much upon public feeling and individual exertion, to induce others to join our
ranks, and to aicl us by pecuniary grants
Already have some public bodies given us substantial proofs of the interest they
take in our cause ; and when, by tlie publication of one or more of our Com-
mittee reports, the attention of the Government and of the Honourable East India
Company shall have been more immediately called to the importance of the objects
and aims of the Society, we may reasonably expect some assistance from tnose
quarters in furtherance of the good work.
For ourselves, we have only to do our duty, by endeavouring, as far as lies in
our power, to accomplish the noble ends the Society has in view.
B. W. Gardiner, Printer, 20, Princes Street, Cavendish Square.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
ADDRESS
DELIVERED BY
THE PRESIDENT, B. G. BABINGTON, M.D., F.R.S.
ON OPENING THE THIRD SESSION OF THE SOCIETY,
AT THE HOUSE OP
THE ROYAL MEDICAL AND CHIRURGICAL SOCIETY,
53, BERNERS STREET,
On Monday, November IsG 1852.
Gentlemen, — You necessarily hear my voice so often in connexion with the
ordinary business of our Society, that I am reluctant to occupy much of your time
on our first meeting for the season, more especially as this is the third year I have
had the honour of addressing you from this chair ; so that it may well be supposed
that I have exhausted the topics usually dwelt on, on such occasions ; nevertheless
I should feel that I had neglected a duty incumbent upon your President, and had
lost an opportunity of endeavouring to be of some service to the Society, if I did not
open our session with a few observations.
If we direct our attention to the mode in which human knowledge has progressively
advanced in past times, we shall find that, apart from mere accidental circumstances,
unconnected with man’s exertions altogether, it has been effected in two different ways,
which, though more or less blended together in all cases, do yet admit of distinction ;
and that one or other of tliese has predominated, according to the nature of the
knowledge which has been advanced. In the war of invasion which has been con-
stantly carried on by the known against the unknown, — by knowledge against igno-
rance,— champions may here and there have ridden forth from the ranks, and in single
combat, attacked and vanquished some gigantic foe ; but it is the combined and
steady advance of those serried ranks themselves, to which we owe the grand inroads
which have been made into the enemy’s territory. To drop metaphor; — the one method
of advancing knowledge is by individual, isolated mental effort; the other, by the
combined and simultaneous labours of many. In the case of the abstract sciences,
as for instance, the various branches of the mathematics, metaphysics, logic, ethics,
et caetera, our advances have been made chiefly by the former method. The philo-
sopher has contemplated his subject in his closet by the light of his own reasoning
powers ; and though, no doubt, he has derived ideas from those who have gone in
the same track, yet these are but the instruments which he employs in his laborious
endeavours to arrive at new truths ; and as the solitary traveller in the wilds of Africa,
aided by his compass and his telescope, penetrates the previously undiscovered
regions of the material world, — so does he penetrate new regions in the world of
science. Not so with the less perfect and more mixed varieties of human knowledge.
To build a ship or a palace employs many heads and hands working in combination
together. To study and advance geology needs the accumulated observations of
numerous philosophers, wandering, hammer in hand, over many countries. Tlie
united skill and talent of many workmen are concentrated on the arts of metallurgy,
on the manufacture of pottery and glass, and of linen, cotton, and woollen fabrics ;
so busily indeed is the ingenuity of many at work in these departments, that, as it is
said, scarcely any new invention is worth three years’ purchase, it being sure to be
supplanted, in less than that time, by some other invention, still newer°and better
which the employment of the former haply has suggested. ’
In the science of medicine the two methods which I have mentioned are pretty
equally blended; for so varied are the facts on which it is founded, so infinitely
modified by a thousand different circumstances, that it requires the combined efforts
of many to amass a sufficient stock of information to enable us to discriminate that
which is essential from that which is accidental, and thus to arrive at trustworthy
results. So far indeed as medicine partakes of the nature of exact science, that is to
say, in its chemical, its anatomical, its microscopical, its pathological elements, it
2
may be studied and advanced by individual efforts, and new truths may be worked
out in the retirement of the study or the laboratory. But where it is only conjec-
tural, and not reducible to exact rule and precise results ; where, from the imperfec-
tion or complication of our data, we must have recourse to the probable instead of
the certain, where we must balance chances, estimate averages, and strive to reconcile
conflicting evidence 'there must we act in combination for the attainment of our
object, since the experience of no individual is adequate to furnish a suflSciently
broad basis on which to establish a general law.
Applying these considerations to the investigation of epidemic diseases in particu-
lar, we shall find that, while that invesigation, no doubt, requires, to a certain extent,
isolated research, it partakes much more, in the present state of our knowledge, of
that character of mysterious uncertainty, of modification from various causes, operat-
ing differently in different places, and in different seasons, which demands for it the
united exertions of many observers. Yes ! gentlemen, it is only by the strength of
numbers, banded together in a Society which ought to be as extensive as the range
of epidemic diseases themselves, that we can hope to acquire a full insight into the
nature, the causes, and the treatment of these wholesale destroyers of animal life.
To state more in detail what branches of our subject require elucidation by individual
research, and what by a collection of facts amassed from many quarters, I would
remark, that whatever respects the phenomaena of the individual case, such as a minute
examination, chemical and microscopical, of the various secretions; a pathological
investigation of the solids, as altered by disease and death ; an observation of the tem-
perature, and other physical conditions of the body, of the state of the various systems
and functions, — falls under the former category, and is of a nature which cannot be
gathered from cursory observation, or inferred from statistical data. It must be re-
ported fresh from the original investigator, and has, in reality, no value unless coming
direct from the fountain of all such knowledge, — Nature herself. The medical philo-
sopher, for instance, who first discovered that there is albumen in the urine of those
who have dropsy after scarlet fever, or in the alvine evacuations of those who are the
subjects of cholera, added a great fact to our knowledge of those diseases ; and this
he did by his own researches, and not by any consideration of numbers, or averages,
or other statistical data. It is not so with that other branch of our inquiries that
respects the external circumstances by which epidemics are surrounded, and with
which it is equally necessary to be acquainted, if we would comprehend the whole
subject, — much more, if we would aspire to advance our knowledge of it. Here
laymen may lend their aid as well as medical men ; and the combined efforts of
many may elicit information, which no individual exertion, no mental toil could
attain. Thus the date and circumstances of the outbreak of an epidemic; its mor-
tality ; its effects, moral and social ; the meteorological and telluric phenomaena
preceding, accompanying, and following it; its correlation to other events, and much
that regards its statistics, may be observed, if opportunity offer, by all persons of
intelligence, and must be gathered, if we would draw any conclusion, either positive
or negative from them, by many persons working simultaneously for a common end.
Here then we perceive one excellent reason for originating that which has never,
strange as it may seem, been attempted heretofore, — the formation of a distinct
association for the investigation of epidemics, and for enrolling among its members
persons engaged in various occupations and pursuits, who, viewing the subject from
different points, may increase the chance of throwing new light upon it. I would
even hope, as our cause becomes more known and belter understood, to awaken the
sympathies of man’s chief helpmate in all that is benevolent, — in all that tends to
ameliorate his physical and moral condition, and to soften his destiny in this world
of trial. For by whom should we entertain a better expectation of advocacy, than by
those who ever prove our kindest ministers in the hour of sickness, and who them-
selves are liable, not only to epidemics common to the whole human race, but to
some emphatically their own, dependant on that peculiar sorrow which our common
mother brought as a curse upon her whole sex ?
But there is another reason for our seeking assistance far and wide. Our inquiries,
in order to be carried out on such a scale as shall ensure extended and useful public
results, must necessarily be expensive. The pecuniary exigencies inseparable from
3
such an undertaking as ours, it may be somewhat undignified on this occasion to
contemplate j but no cause, hovvever scientific, or however demonstrably contribut-
ing to the general welfare of the community, can prosper without iiivolving the
necessity for some pecuniary outlay, even though every one interested in it may be
perfectly willing to bestow his personal services without remuneration.
An enthusiastic admirer of nature is contemplating a delightful tour, and his mind
is filled with a prospect of the charming scenery, the works of nature and of art,
and the varieties of manners and of men he will have the opportunity of encounter-
ing and observing, — the stores of useful and interesting information he will acquire.
His thoughts are revelling in this enchanting future ; but is there not a certain vulgar
consideration to be kept in view ere he can realize all these pleasurable anticipations ?
Must he not look to the state of his finances? Can he move one step without
ascertaining whether he possess a balance at his bankers’ suflScient to carry him
through his projected journey ? And if he should find that his resources are but
limited, has he any other alternative, notwithstanding his brilliant hopes and
bright imaginings, but in limiting the extent of his journey also? Now we are
somewhat in the same condition as this traveller. We have a most pleasing,
because a most useful, journey before us. We are enthusiastic in our desire to
perform it, but we are limited in our progress by the state of our resources. Gentle-
men, I am far from wishing to assume the tone of complaint. We are, I am well
aware, but a young Society. We meet, I acknowledge, with as much support as
we can fairly expect; and it may justly be urged, that we are bound to prove our
pretensions by shewing what progress we are m.aking, — what useful purpose we are
answering, — before we can claim to be liberally supplied with means of carrying on
further operations. It is not to be denied, however, on the other hand, that the
restricted amount of our funds does materially limit that progress and that utility.
In order to impress on you what, indeed, must be so evident as to need no proof, it
is only necessary to mention, among many others, two items of expenditure, inti-
mately connected with our prosperity. One of these is the printing and extensive
circulation of the Queries of our various Committees; the other, the publication by
the Society, of the valuable papers read at our meetings. The former, which may
figuratively be called sowing the seeds of information, is at present but imperfectly
performed ; while the latter, which may be called gathering its choicest fruits, and
offering them to the public, has not yet been even attempted. Let me add a third
item of most useful expenditure in the collection of a library for consultation of
works on epidemic diseases, or collaterally bearing on the subject. It may not be
generally khown to my audience, that the bibliography of this branch of medicine is
most extensive. A volume presented to us by Dr. Ferguson, entitled “ Bibliotheca
Epidemiographica,” published in 1842, enumerates no fewer than 1,822 works on
this subject; while the publications which have reference to the last visitation of
Cholera in 1848-49, are so numerous, that they would well nigh double the number.
Now it is one of the faults of writers of our day, generally acknowledged, but espe-
cially charged upon them by Ilecker in his address to which I alluded the year
before last, that they are not readers as well as writers, and that they do not study
medical history, including, of course, the history of epidemics. The consequence is
that, without being aware of it, they often go over beaten ground, and give us what
they think new facts, while in truth they are only serving up, with some alteration
of diction, facts which have long since been before the world. Nine-tenths of the
works alluded to in the Bibliotheca above-mentioned, have probably not been
read or heard of by any of us; and it is not, therefore, extravagant to suppose, that
much valuable information may be contained in them, with which we are at present
unacquainted. In this point of view, a special library, that is to say, containing
exclusively books connected with our subject, becomes a highly desirable appendage
to a Society like ours. i i &
Gentlemen, it may seem superfluous in this, our third session, that I should deem
It expedient to say a single word respecting the wide range as well as vast importance
ot the task which we have set ourselves to perform. 1 have, however, reason to
think, that many persons, — chiefly of course among those not of our profession,- -
nfluenced by our name, take too narrow a view of the scope and objects of an
4
Epidemiological Society. These objects are not fully attained in an investigation,
however searching, into the particular diseases of an epidemic character, which have
in times past visited, and do still, from time to time, visit our own and other nations.
They include also all those circumstances in any way bearing upon epidemic diseases,
by which human health is predisposed to receive them. The drainage of towns and
houses, their supply of water, the manner of living of the inhabitants, their clothing,
lodging, and food, the influence of the soil beneath their feet, of the atmosphere
around them, of the heavenly bodies above their heads, — all fall within the scope of
our inquiries. “ It will be a further part of the Society’s province,’’ says a paragraph
in the paper on this express subject, which we at the commencement of our labours
put forth, “ to ascertain the operation of existing legal enactments which bear upon
epidemic diseases, — such as those which relate to quarantine, to vaccination, to the
sale of unwholesome or adulterated food, and to the removal of nuisances — to inquire
into the defects of these enactments and point out such alterations as may be neces-
sary for the protection of the public health.” We would not willingly clash with
the objects of other Societies. There is room enough for all. Distinct associations
may be formed for meteorology, for statistics, and for state medicine, if by that name
is meant something which our inquiries do not embrace ; but we do believe our own
Society, from its practical tendency, its direct influence on the physical welfare of
man, to have, at least, an equal, if not a superior, claim to patronage and support;
and I would earnestly appeal to the public, not for the sake of science alone, but for
the sake of ameliorating the condition of that public itself, to aid us in our under-
taking.
It may not be out of place in alluding to other Societies, here to mention, that the
most munificent contributor to our own, among many who have proved staunch
friends to our cause, is our honored and estimable elder sister, the Royal Medico-
Chirurgical Society. She offers us the right hand of fellowship, and in giving us
the shelter of her roof, affords us, at the same time, what is still more valuable, the
prestige of her good will. “Laudari laudato” we all know is usually admitted as
presumptive evidence of worth, but, “ adjuvari laudato” is a far stronger testimony
of approval.
Gentlemen, ere I close these preliminary remarks, I would wish to draw your
attention to the important fact, that Cholera has been raging in Europe several
months, and will, judging from past experience, very probably visit this country in
the course of the ensuing year. Now if there be a disease which more especially
vindicates the need of our forming an association for its study, it is surely this.
Nay, it was this disease which suggested the notion. It behoves us all, therefore,
individually and collectively to be on the alert, and to endeavour, if practicable, to
inculcate, with some approach to general concordance, what measures of precaution,
and what line of treatment ought to be adopted. The Council of your Society have
not overlooked the necessity for a movement in this emergency. They have appointed
a Cholera Committee, and I earnestly request you all to aid them, by any facts or
suggestions which you may possess on the subject. I am, I confess, not one of
those who entertain any very sanguine expectation that some single specific remedy
will be found out for this disease, that shall constantly prove efficacious. We have
not found such a remedy for typhus fever, which has been known to us time out of
mind; and every now and then we meet with cases which baffie our best skill, — I
know not why we should be more likely to do so in the case of Cholera, with which
we have been only recently acquainted. Neither am I disposed to yield to the
prevalent notion, that nothing has been done, and that we are as ignorant now of
Cholera, as when the malady first appeared among us. I do not in the least doubt,
that many lives have been saved, not only by prompt attention, founded on expe-
rience, to the early stage, commonly called premonitory, but even by a judicious
treatment of the stage of collapse. Those who have seen and treated many cases of
this disease, must, I am sure, be convinced of this; and if the most strenuous
endeavours have not oftener been crowned with success, we must attribute it, at
least in part, to the intense power of the poison, and not wholly, as is too usual, to
our ignorance of the indication to be fulfilled in its removal. In scarlet fever, which
by the bye, is at this time, according to the Registrar-General’s report, very preva-
5
lent, suggesting the propriety of our forming a Committee for its investigation, much
tlie same difficulty in the treatment occasionally presents itself. The virulence of its
poison is so intense that, do what you will, tlie patient has evidently, from a very
eaily period of the attack, humanly speaking, no chance of recovery. Nevertheless,
we do not on that account come to the conclusion, that we know nothing of the
treatment of scarlet fever. I intend not, by what I have said, to discourage further
attempts to find more efficacious remedies, but only to oppose the hasty opinion of
those, who consider our knowledge of cholera and its treatment so very far behind
that which we possess of other epidemic diseases.
But I am wandering from my purpose, which was merely to make a few general
observations; and as I have already taken up too much of your time in doing so, I
shall conclude by enumerating the papers which have been brought before the Society
from the commencement of last session to the present time, and by reading you a
short account, drawn up by our Honorary Secretaries, of the proceedings of our
various Committees since the Council made their Report in May last.
PAPERS
READ DURING THE PAST SESSION OF
THE SOCIETY.
Papers, on the following interesting subjects, have been read at the Ordinary
Meetings of the Society, during the past Session : —
Nov. 3rd, 1851.—“ On an Epidemic Outbreak of Smalt Pox in the Mauritius,”
by Mr. Gardner, of Bayswater. Read by Dr. M'William.
Dec. 1st.— “On the Circumstances connected with the llise and Development of
Asiatic Cholera m the Island of Jamaica,” by Dr. Gavin Milroy. Read bv the
Author. •'
Jan. 5th, 1852. — “ On a Rational Treatment of Cholera,” by Mr J W Cox
Read by the Author. . . .
Feb. -Ind.—bn Epidemic Dysentery in China, during the years 5 ” bv
Dr. Bryson. Read by the Author. ^ ^
^ Mar. l.st.— “On Epidemics of the Second and Third Centuries ”
Gordon Latham. Read by the Author. ’
by Dr. Robert
April 5th. On the Pathology, Causes, and Treatment of Cholera,” by Dr Geo
Grant, of Richmond. Read by the Author. ’ J •
M/y 3rd.-“On Fever: more especially, that form of it known as ‘Yellow
Fever, by Edward Brscombe, M.D. Read by the Author.
June 7t/i -Two Papers were read : l.st,-‘‘ On the History of the Introduction
of Vaccination into India, by Dr. 1 inch. Read by the Author. 2nd,— “ ()„
Vaccination in the Bombay Presidency,” by Mr. Stewart. Read by Dr. Seaton.
lleiAy bj Ti.okas E,q.
August 8th. —
nients,” by Dr.
M‘William.
“On the Influence of Hill Climate
,, - India on Euroiiean Reiri-
CoRuyN. Communicated by Lieut.-Col. Sikes ’ ’ -
read by Dr.
6
COxMMITTEES.
The SMALL-POX and VACCINATION COMMITl’EE.— Since the Council
presented their Report, on the 3rd of May last, the Small-Pox and Vaccination Com-
mittee have issued the Letters of Inquiry which were then stated to be in prepara-
tion, and have received about 1,500 replies. These have all been analyzed and
arranged. Further communications in answer to the Queries of the Committee have
been received from India, through the courtesy of the Hon. the Court of Directors
of the East India Company, and very full and accurate accounU of the systems
pursued with regard to vaccination in the Presidencies of Bengal and Bombay, and
their results, have been furnished by Drs. Finch and Stewart, respectively. Most
valuable information, and accurate statistics, on the present condition of the fol-
lowing Countries, compared with their condition 50 years before the introduction of
Vaccination, have been received. In all cases the statistics have been obtained from
State Documents, and forwarded to Dr. W. Lewis, who has charge of this depart-
ment of the Inquiries, directly by the Ambassadors, Charges d’Affairs, Consuls or
Foreign Ministers of the different Countries; so that the most perfect reliance may
be placed on them. More answers would have been obtained by this time, but for
the distance of some of them from England.
New York,
Philadelphia,
SWEEDEN,
Copenhagen,
Bavaria, Denmark,
Frankfort on the Iceland,
Maine, Prussia,
Hamburg, Austria.
Similar Documents are in course of preparation for the Society in
France, Norway, Boston, U.S., Russia, &c. &c.
The information obtained from India, as well as that from the sources just enu-
merated, will be made use of in the Committee’s Report.
The members of the Committee have been so dispersed during the recess, that the
progress which has been made in the preparation of the Report has not been so
great as would otherwise have been the case. They will now, however, at once re-
assemble, and resume their labours ; and although they do not think that they would
be justified in binding themselves by any positive pledge, they yet entertain a reason-
able expectation, that this Session of the Society will not terminate without their
having reported on one portion, at least, of the important inquiry intrusted to them.
The EPIZOOTIC COMMITTEE have completed their Queries, which are now
in the press, and will be speedily distributed among the members of the Medical
and Veterinary professions, agriculturists and others throughout the country.
COMMON LODGING-HOUSES COMMITTEE.--As has been stated on a
former occasion, the duties of this Committee are, in consequence of the measures
carried through Parliament by Lord Shaftesbury, limited to the observation of the
working of those important enactments.
CHOLERA COMMITTEE. — On the recent outbreak of Cholera on the Con-
tinent of Europe, a Committee was established for the purpose of watching the
progress of that disorder, and of making such investigation into its nature, causes,
and mode of propagation, as might seem to be desirable.
Through the courtesy of the General Board of Health, the Committee have been
furnished with copies of Mr. Grainger’s Despatches to the General Board from
Berlin and other towns, relative to the progress of cholera on the Continent ; as well
as with a copy of Mr. Grainger’s General Report on the same subject, presented to
the Board of Health sinee his return to London.
The Committe have also had the satisfaction, through the kind permission of the
Right Hon. the Earl of Malmesbury, Secretary of State for Foreign Afliiirs, of being
allowed access to the Despatches of the Consul-General at Warsaw, as well as to
7
those of other English Consuls abroad, on the subject of Cholera, from all of wliich
valuable information has been obtained.
CONTINUED FEVER COMMITTEE.— This Committee, which was re-
cently instituted for the purpose of inquiring into the continued fevers of this
country, have already prepared a series of Queries, which are now in the hands of
the printer, and will soon be issued to the Medical Officers of Hospitals and Dis-
pensaries, as well as to Union Medical Officers, and other members of the Profession
in the Metropolis and throughout the country.
A Committee for the purpose of investigating the Diseases affecting the Vegetable
Kingdom, is now in course of formation ; its more especial object being to ascertain
the coexistence, and possibly the connexion of such diseases with those which affect
mankind and the lower animals, in an epidemic form.
There are other subjects which are considered by the Council as highly desirable
to be investigated by Committees ; but which they think had better be postponed
until further progress has been made by the Committees already existing, and the
Society has had time to relieve itself from the expenses attendant upon the operations
of these Committees.
HOSPITALS COMMITTEE. — The Hospitals Committee have prepared a
Table of Queries relative to Erysipelas, and the allied Epidemic Diseases of Hospi-
tals, which will be issued to all the British Hospitals, and to the Army and Navy
Medical Departments, in order that a tabular account may be kept of all such cases
occurring in each Hospital from the 1st of Jan. to the 31st of Dec. 1853, with a view
to the tables being returned and analyzed at the end of that time.
Such, Gentlemen, has been tbe extent of the progress which we have made during
the past session ; and let me hope, in conclusion, that that which we commence this
evening may, in its course, afford us the opportunity of shewing, that our zeal is
untiring, — our labours unceasing,— and that thus we shall at least deserve success,
■which, we are all well aware, is the surest way to attain it.
b \V. 0\nnix
Ell, Printer, 20, Princes Street, O.nrcmlisli Square,
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SOCIETY,
FOR THE INVESTIGATION OP EPIDEMIC DISEASES.
lOrciSttffut.
BENJAMIN GUY BABINGTON, M.D., F.R.S.
2Ftrc*33rp;StlrenW,
Addison, Thomas, M.D.
Bright, Richard, M.D., F.R.S.
Brodie, Sir B. C. Bart., F.R.S.
Burnett, Sir Wii.liam, Knt. K.C.B.,
K.C.H., F.R.S.
Clarke, Sir C. M. Bart., M.D., F.R.S.
Dale, Rev. Thomas, M.A., Canon Res.
of St. Paul’s.
Grainger, R. D. Esq., F.R.S.
Hastings, Sir Charles, M.D. .Worcester.
Liddei.l, Sir John, C.B., M.D., F.R.S.
M'Grigor, Sir James, Bart., K.C.B.,
K.C.T.S.
Nussey, John, Esq.
Propert, John, Esq.
Roupell, G. L., M.D., F.R.S.
Smith, Thomas Southwood, M.D.
Sykes, Colonel, V.P.R S.
Watson, Thomas, M.D.
Crpa^urer.
Thomas Addison, M.D., Vice-President.
HjoiTDiarjj ^ccretar{p;S.
J. O. M'Wh.liam, M.D., F.R.S., R.N., and J. H. Tucker, Esq.
Aikin, C. a. Esq.
Barlow, G. H., M.D.
Bird, James, M.D.
Brown, Samuel, Esq.
Bryson, A., M.D., R.N.
Davis, J. Hall, M.D.
Finch, C., M.D.
Hassai.l, a. H., M.D.
Headland, E. Esq.
Helsham, a., M.D.
Hunt, T. Esq.
Lewis, Waller, M.B., F.G.S.
of eCouiuil.
Marson, j. F. Esq.
Milroy, Gavin, M.D.
Nisbett, a., M.D., R.N.
Pilcher, G. Esq.
Seaton, E. C., M.D.
SiBsoN, F., M.D., F.R.S.
Sieveking, E., M.D.
SiMONDS, Professor, R.V.C.
Snow, J., M.D.
Squibb, G. J. Esq.
SwAiNE, William Edward, M.D.
Walsh, C. R. Esq.
dToieigu auH Colonial 5)tfrctarteS.
BELGIUM A. Sayer, M.D., 28, Up. Seymour st. Portman sq.
' James Bird, M.D., 27, Hyde Park square.
C. Finch, M.D., 58, Porchester ter. Bayswater.
Waller Lewis, M.B., F.G.S., 18, Stratford place,
Cavendish square.
E. H . Sieveking, M .D.3,Bentinck st. Manchestersq.
W. E. SwAiNE, M.D., Scarborough.
GREECE AND ITALY C. R. Walsh, Esq. 42, Half-moon street, Piccadilly.
PORTUGAL AND THE BRAZILS { ^'William M.D., F.R.S., R.N., 14, Trinity
1_ square. Tower hill.
SWEDEN, NORWAY, DENMARK f R. Gordon Latham, M.D., F.R.S., 27, Upper
AND ICELAND I. Southwick street, Hyde park.
WEST INDIES Gavin Milroy, M.D., 30, Fitzroy square.
EAST INDIES
FRANCE
GERMANY AND RUSSIA
Subscriptions and Donations may be paid to the Treasurer, Thomas Addison, M.D.,
24, New street. Spring gardens; to the Bankers, Messrs. Drummond, 49, Charing
cross; or to the Honorary Secretaries, J. O. M'William, M.D., F.R.S., 14, Trinity
square. Tower hill; and J. H. Tucker, Esq. 38, Berners street.
THE ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION IS ONE GUINEA.
The Rules and Regulations, together with all other information concerning the Society,
minj he ohtnined from the Hon. Secretaries, 38, Berners street, Oxford street, London.
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